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3.5-Inch Forward Firing Aircraft Rocket
The 3.5-Inch Forward Firing Aircraft Rocket, or 3.5-Inch FFAR, was an American rocket developed during World War II to allow aircraft to attack enemy submarines at range. The rocket proved an operational success, and spawned several improved versions for use against surface and land targets.
==Design and development==
Following trials by the Royal Air Force of rocket-propelled, air-launched weapons for anti-submarine warfare during 1942, the United States Navy launched a high-priority project during the summer of 1943 for the development of an anti-submarine rocket of its own.〔Parsch 2004〕
The resulting rocket was a simple design with four tail fins for stabilization at the rear,〔 powered by a rocket motor that had been under development by Caltech since 1943.〔von Braun and Ordway 1975, p.98.〕 The warhead contained no explosive. The rocket's nose was a solid steel mass, weighing , that punctured the pressure hull of a target submarine through the kinetic energy and momentum from its high velocity and mass.〔Campbell 1985, p.170.〕 The nose of the 3.5" FFAR was given a relatively blunt conical shape that had been shown experimentally to give a maximum pitch-up of the nose as the rocket entered the water. This caused the rocket to shoot forward at a shallow depth deadly to submarines that were surfaced or traveling at snorkel or periscope depth.〔C. W. Snyder, Caltech's ''Other'' Rocket Project: Personal Recollections, pp. 7-10, Engineering & Science, Spring 1991〕 The rockets were launched in a shallow dive, since entry into the water at too steep an angle would defeat their ability to shoot forward at the required shallow depth. The rocket remained lethal even after passing through up to 130 feet of water, giving the pilot a target several times the actual size of the submarine. The sweet spot for targeting was considered to be 60 feet in front of the near side of the submarine. Typical firing range was about 1500 yards.〔E.W. Price, C.L. Horine, and C.W. Snyder (July 1998). "EATON CANYON, A History of Rocket Motor Research and Development in the Caltech-NDRC-Navy Rocket Program, 1941-1946,". 34th AIAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit, Cleveland, Ohio. AIAA.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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